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Narrative of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, Written By Himself (1845) and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself (1861), all three paradigms of a new genre: the slave narrative–black autobiography. Witnesses to and participants in the horrific system of chattel slavery, early writers such as Olaudah Equiano, Frederick Douglass, and Linda Brent (Harriet Jacobs) wrote their way to freedom with the publication of their respective works, The Interesting Narrative. Her Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral (1773), the first known collection of poems to be published by an enslaved black person. Today those songs run deep like a river in the souls of black folks and reverberate and resound in the antiphonal call-and-response As Olaudah Equiano declares in his 18th-century autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of Olaudah Equiano, Or Gustavus Vassa, The African, Written by Himself (1789), black Africans brought with them to the strange land of the “New World” memories of their traditions of dance, music, and poetry, which, planted in the British colonies of North America in particular, took root in the new songs they sang. For many years Western scholars considered the phrase African-American literature to be either a myth or a contradiction and either negated or dismissed the rich body of writing by Americans of African descent. In this profoundly proud, eloquent, and bold declaration, novelist Toni Morrison takes on those “serious scholars” and new discoverers of what she defines as a rich “Afro-American artistic presence” in Western culture in general and American culture in particular. For example, kidnapped between the ages of seven or eight, Ethiopian-born Phillis Wheatley confounded the community of her New England “city upon a hill,” the cradle of many Founding Fathers, with her broadsides and eventually with But when exposed to the written texts and more formal language of Western culture, African Americans also put pen to paper to create works of merit. The lyrics of such songs as “Steal Away,” “Swing Low Sweet Chariot,” and “Motherless Child,” as well as the didactic and often humorous narratives and tales about Brer Rabbit, Tar Baby, and High John de Conquer, commented on current conditions, passed on traditions, entertained, and offered lessons in morality and virtue in the “broken tongue” that black people created. During the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, unknown black bards, as James Weldon Johnson recounts, placed their lips to the sacred fire of poetry and created “sorrow songs” whose lyrics responded to the dehumanization of the world of chattel slavery, a world that, in the end, reduced African Americans to “three-fifths other.” In their songs, they registered their personal humanity and simultaneously humanized the troubled and troubling world around them. Style that constitutes the foundation and heartbeat of the African-American literary tradition. We are not, in fact, “other.” (Morrison, 208) we are the subjects of our own narratives, witnesses to and participants in our own experience. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at Text design by Rachel Berlin Cover design by Takeshi Takahashi Printed in the United States of America VB KT 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. PS153.N5E48 2007 810.9'896073003-dc22 2006026140 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. African Americans in literature-Encyclopedias. African Americans-Intellectual life-Encyclopedias. African American authors -Biography-Dictionaries. American literature- African American authors-Bio-bibliography-Dictionaries.
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American literature-African American authors-Encyclopedias. Includes bibliographical references and index. Samuels, editor Tracie Guzzio, associate editor, Loretta Gilchrist Woodard, associate editor. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 ISBN-10: 0-8160-5073-2 ISBN-13: 978-0-8160-5073-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of African American literature / Wilfred D.
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN LITERATURE Wilfred Samuels Associate Editors Loretta Gilchrist Woodard Tracie Church GuzzioĮncyclopedia of African-American Literature Copyright © 2007 by Wilfred Samuels All rights reserved.
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